Speech
given by Fidel Castro Ruz
at the Ceremony commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Attack
on the Moncada and Carlos Manuel de Cespedes Garrisons
Santiago de Cuba, July 26, 2003
It seems almost
unreal to be here in this same place 50 years after the events we are commemorating
today, which took place that morning of July 26, 1953. I was 26 years old
back then; today, 50 more years of struggle have been added to my life.
Way back then, I could not have imagined for even a second that this evening,
the few participants in that action who are still alive would be gathered
here, together with those, gathered here or listening to us all around the
country, who were influenced by or participated directly in the Revolution;
together with those who were children or teenagers back then; with those
who were not even born yet and today are parents or even grandparents; with
whole contingents of fully fledged men and women, full of revolutionary
and internationalist glory and history, soldiers and officers in active
duty or the reserves, civilians who have accomplished veritable feats; with
a seemingly infinite number of young combatants; with dedicated workers
or enthusiastic students, as well as some who are both at the same time;
and with millions of children who fill our imagination of eternal dreamers.
And once again, life has given me the unique privilege of addressing all
of you.
I am not speaking here on my own behalf. I am doing it in the name of the
heroic efforts of our people and the thousands of combatants who have given
their lives throughout half a century. I am doing it too, with pride for
the great work they have succeeded in carrying out, the obstacles they have
overcome, and the impossible things they have made possible.
In the terribly sad days that followed the action, I explained to the court
where I was tried the reasons that led us to undertake this struggle.
At that time, Cuba had a population of less than six million people. Based
on the information available back then, I gave a harsh description, with
approximate statistics, of the situation facing our people 55 years after
the U.S. intervention. That intervention came when Spain had already been
militarily defeated by the tenacity and heroism of the Cuban patriots, and
it frustrated the goals of our long war of independence when in 1902 it
established a complete political and economic control over Cuba.
The forceful imposition on our first Constitution of the right of the U.S.
government to intervene in Cuba and the occupation of national territory
by U.S. military bases, together with the total domination of our economy
and natural resources, reduced our national sovereignty to practically nil.
I will quote just a few brief paragraphs from my statements at that trial
on October 16, 1953:
"Six hundred thousand Cubans without work."
"Five hundred thousand farm laborers who work four months of the year
and starve the rest."
"Four hundred thousand industrial workers and laborers whose retirement
funds have been embezzled, whose homes are wretched quarters, whose salaries
pass from the hands of the boss to those of the moneylender, whose life
is endless work and whose only rest is the tomb."
"Ten thousand young professionals: medical doctors, engineers, lawyers,
veterinarians, school teachers, dentists, pharmacists, journalists, painters,
sculptors, etc., who finish school with their degrees anxious to work and
full of hopes, only to find themselves at a dead end, with all doors closed
to them."
"Eighty-five percent of the small farmers in Cuba pay a rent and live
under constant threat of being evicted from the land they till."
"There are two hundred thousand peasant families who do not have a
single acre of land to till to provide food for their starving children."
"More than half of our most productive land is in foreign hands."
"Nearly three hundred thousand caballerías (over three million
hectares) of arable land owned by powerful interests remain idle."
"Two million two hundred thousand of our urban population pay rents
that take between one fifth and one third of their incomes."
"Two million eight hundred thousand of our rural and suburban population
lack electricity."
"The little rural schoolhouses are attended by a mere half of the school
age children who go barefoot, half-naked and undernourished."
"Ninety per cent of the children in the countryside are sick with parasites."
"Society is indifferent to the mass murder of so many thousands of
children who die every year from lack of resources."
"From May to December over a million people are jobless in Cuba, with
a population of five and a half million."
"When the head of a family works only four months a year, how can he
purchase clothing and medicine for his children? They will grow up with
rickets, with not a single good tooth in their mouths by the time they reach
thirty; they will have heard ten million speeches and will finally die of
poverty and disillusion. Public hospitals, which are always full, accept
only patients recommended by some powerful politician who, in return, demands
the votes of the unfortunate one and his family so that Cuba may continue
forever in the same or worse condition."
Perhaps the most important statement I made about the economic and social
situation was the following:
"The nation's future, the solutions to its problems, cannot continue
to depend on the selfish interests of a dozen big businessmen nor on the
cold calculations of profits that ten or twelve magnates draw up in their
air-conditioned offices. The country cannot continue begging on its knees
for miracles from a golden fleece, like the one mentioned in The Old Testament
destroyed by the prophet's fury. Golden fleece cannot perform miracles of
any kind. […] Statesmen whose statesmanship consists of preserving
the status quo and mouthing phrases like 'absolute freedom of enterprise,'
'guarantees to investment capital' and 'law of supply and demand,' will
not solve these problems."
"In this present-day world, social problems are not solved by spontaneous
generation."
These statements and ideas described a whole underlying thinking regarding
the capitalist economic and social system that simply had to be eliminated.
They expressed, in essence, the idea of a new political and social system
for Cuba, although it may have been dangerous to propose such a thing in
the midst of the sea of prejudices and ideological venom spread by the ruling
classes, allied to the empire and imposed on a population where 90% of the
people were illiterate or semi-literate, without even a sixth-grade education;
discontent, combative and rebellious, yet unable to discern such an acute
and profound problem. Since then, I have held the most solid and firm conviction
that ignorance has been the most powerful and fearsome weapon of the exploiters
throughout all of history.
Educating the people about the truth, with words and irrefutable facts,
has perhaps been the fundamental factor in the grandiose feat that our people
have achieved.
Those humiliating realities have been crushed, despite blockades, threats,
aggressions, massive terrorism and the unrestrained use of the most powerful
media in history against our Revolution.
The statistics leave no room for doubt.
It has since been possible to more precisely determine that the real population
of Cuba in 1953, according to the census taken that year, was 5,820,000.
The current population, according to the census of September 2002, now in
the final phase of data processing, is 11,177,743.
The statistics tell us that in 1953, a total of 807,700 people were illiterate,
meaning an illiteracy rate of 22.3%, a figure that undoubtedly grew later
during the seven years of Batista's tyranny. In the year 2002, the number
was a mere 38,183, or 0.5% of the population. The Ministry of Education
estimates that the real figure is even lower, because in their thorough
search for people who have not been given literacy training in their sectors
or neighborhoods, visiting homes, it has been very difficult to locate them.
Their estimates, based on investigative methods even more precise than a
census, reveal a total of 18,000, for a rate of 0.2%. Of course, neither
figure includes those who cannot learn to read or write because of mental
or physical disabilities.
In 1953, the number of people with junior or senior high school education
was 139,984, or 3.2% of the population aged 10 and over. In 2002, the number
had risen to 5,733,243, which is 41 times greater, equivalent to 58.9% of
the population in the same age group.
The number of university graduates grew from 53,490 in 1953 to 712,672 in
2002.
Unemployment, despite the fact that the 1953 census was taken in the middle
of the sugar harvest, --that is, the time of the highest demand for labor--
was 8.4% of the economically active population. The 2002 census, taken in
September, revealed that the unemployment rate in Cuba today is a mere 3.1%.
And this was the case in spite of the fact that the active labor force in
1953 was only 2,059,659 people, whereas in 2002 it had reached 4,427,028.
What is most striking is that next year, when unemployment is reduced to
less than 3%, Cuba will enter the category of countries with full employment,
something that is inconceivable in any other country of Latin America or
even the so-called economically developed nations in the midst of the current
worldwide economic situation.
Without going into other areas of noteworthy social advances, I will simply
add that between 1953 and 2002, the population almost doubled, the number
of homes tripled, and the number of persons per home was reduced from 4.46
in 1953 to 3.16 in 2002; 75.4% of these homes were built after the triumph
of the Revolution.
Eighty five percent of the people own the houses they dwell and they do
not pay taxes; the remaining 15% pays a rather symbolic rent.
Of the total number of homes in the country, the percentage of huts fell
from 33.3% in 1953 to 5.7% in 2002, while the percentage of homes with electrical
power service rose from 55.6% in 1953 to 95.5% in 2002.
These statistics, however, do not tell the full story. Cold figures cannot
express quality, and it is in terms of quality that the most truly spectacular
advances have been achieved by Cuba.
Today, by a wide margin, our country occupies first place worldwide in the
number of teachers, professors and educators per capita. The country's active
teaching staff accounts for the incredible figure of 290,574.
According to studies analyzing a group of the main educational indicators,
Cuba also occupies first place, above the developed countries. The maximum
of 20 students per teacher in primary schools already attained, and the
ratio of one teacher per 15 students in junior high school -grades seven,
eight and nine- that will be achieved this coming school year, are things
that could not even be dreamed of in the world's wealthiest, most developed
countries.
The number of doctors is 67,079, of which 45,599 are specialists and 8,858
are in training. The number of nurses is 81,459, while that of healthcare
technicians is 66,339, for a total of 214,877 doctors, nurses and technicians
in the healthcare sector.
Life expectancy is 76.15 years; infant mortality is 6.5 for 1000 live births
during the first year of life, lower than any other Third World country
and even some of the developed nations.
There are 35,902 physical education, sports and recreation instructors,
a great many more than the total number of teachers and professors in all
areas of education before the Revolution.
Cuba is now fully engaged in the transformation of its own systems of education,
culture and healthcare, through which it has attained so many achievements,
in order to reach new levels of excellence never even imagined, based on
the accumulated experience and new technological possibilities.
These programs are now fully underway, and it is estimated that the knowledge
currently acquired by children, teenagers and young people will be tripled
with each school year. At the same time, within five years at most, average
life expectancy should rise to 80 years. The most developed and wealthy
countries will never attain a ratio of 20 students in a classroom in primary
school, or one teacher to 15 students in high school, or succeed in taking
university education to every municipality throughout the country to place
it within reach of the whole population, or in offering the highest quality
educational and healthcare services to all of their citizens free of charge.
Their economic and political systems are not designed for this.
In Cuba, the social and human nightmare denounced in 1953, which gave rise
to our struggle, had been left behind just a few years after the triumph
of the Revolution in 1959. Soon, there were no longer peasants, sharecroppers
or tenant farmers without land; all of them became the owners of the land
they farmed. There were no longer undernourished, barefoot, parasite-ridden
children, without schools or teachers, even if their schooling took place
beneath the shade of a tree. They no longer died in massive numbers from
hunger, disease, from lack of resources or medical care. No longer were
the rural areas filled with unemployed men and women. A new stage began
in the creation and construction of educational, healthcare, residential,
sports and other public facilities, as well as thousands of kilometers of
highways, dams, irrigation channels, agricultural facilities, electrical
power plants and power lines, agricultural, mechanical and construction
material industries, and everything essential for the sustained development
of the country.
The labor demand was so great that for many years, large contingents of
men and women from the cities were mobilized to work in agriculture, construction
and industrial production, which laid the foundations for the extraordinary
social development achieved by our country, which I mentioned earlier.
I am talking as if the country were an idyllic haven of peace, as if there
had not been over four decades of a rigorous blockade and economic war,
aggressions of all kinds, countless acts of sabotage and terrorism, assassination
plots and an endless list of hostile actions against our country, which
I do not wish to emphasize in this speech, so as to focus on essential ideas
of the present.
Suffice it to say that defense-related tasks alone required the permanent
mobilization of hundreds of thousands of men and women and large material
resources.
This hard-fought battle served to toughen our people, and taught them to
fight simultaneously on many different fronts, to do a lot with very little,
and to never be discouraged by obstacles.
Decisive proof of this was their heroic conduct, their tenacity and unshakably
firm stance when the socialist bloc disappeared and the USSR splintered.
The feat they accomplished then, when no one in the world would have bet
a penny on the survival of the Revolution, will go down in history as one
of the greatest ever achieved. They did it without violating a single one
of the ethical and humanitarian principles of the Revolution, despite the
shrieking and slander of our enemies.
The Moncada Program was fulfilled, and over-fulfilled. For some time now,
we have been pursuing even greater and previously unimaginable dreams.
Today, great battles are being waged in the area of ideas, while confronting
problems associated with the world situation, perhaps the most critical
to ever face humanity. I am obliged to devote a part of my speech to this.
Several weeks ago, in early June, the European Union adopted an infamous
resolution, drafted by a small group of bureaucrats, without prior analysis
by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs themselves, and promoted by an individual
of markedly fascist lineage and ideology: José María Aznar.
The adoption of this resolution constituted a cowardly and repugnant action
that added to the hostility, threats and dangers posed for Cuba by the aggressive
policy of the hegemonic superpower.
They decided to eliminate or reduce to a minimum what they define as "humanitarian
aid" to Cuba.
How much of this aid has been provided in the past few years, which have
been so very difficult for the economy of our country? In 2000 the so-called
humanitarian aid received from the European Union was 3.6 million dollars;
in 2001 it was 8.5 million; in 2002, 0.6 million. And this was before the
application of the just measures that Cuba adopted, on fully legal grounds,
to defend the security of our people against the serious threats of imperialist
aggression, something that no one ignores.
As can be seen, the average was 4.2 million dollars annually, which was
reduced to less than a million in 2002.
What does this amount really mean for a country that suffered the impact
of three hurricanes between November of 2001 and October of 2002, resulting
in 2.5 billion dollars in damages for our country, combined with the devastating
effect on our revenues of the drop in tourism after the September 11, 2001
terrorist attacks against the United States, the drop in sugar and nickel
prices due to the international economic crisis, and the considerable rise
in oil prices owing to various factors? What does it mean in comparison
with the 72 billion dollars in losses and damages resulting from the economic
blockade imposed by the U.S. government for more than four decades, and
with regards to which, as a result of the extraterritorial and brutal Helms-Burton
Act, which threatened the economic interests of the European Union itself,
the latter reached a shameful "understanding" where it pledged
not to support its businesspeople in their dealings with Cuba, in exchange
for vague promises that the Act would not be applied to its investments
in the United States?
Through its sugar subsidies, the countries of the European Union have caused
billions of dollars in losses for the Cuban economy throughout the entire
duration of the U.S. blockade.
Cuba's payments to the countries of the European Union for goods imported
over the last five years totaled some 7.5 billion dollars, or an approximate
average of 1.5 billion dollars annually. On the other hand, over the last
five years, these countries only purchased an average of 571 million dollars
worth of imports from Cuba annually. Who is actually helping whom?
Moreover, this much touted humanitarian aid usually comes with bureaucratic
delays and unacceptable conditions, such as creating funds of an equal value
in national currency, at the exchange rate of our currency exchange bureaus,
to provide funding in national currency for other projects where decisions
were to be adopted with the participation of third parties.
This means that if the European Commission were to hand over a million dollars,
they want the Cuban side to put up 27 million Cuban pesos in exchange, to
fund other projects in national currency for the same amount, and the execution
of the projects would involve the participation of European non-governmental
organizations in all decision-making processes. This absurd condition, which
was never accepted, practically paralyzed the flow of aid for a number of
projects for three years, and subsequently limited it considerably.
Between October 2000 and December 2002, the European Commission officially
approved four projects for an approximate total amount of 10.6 million US
dollars (almost all of it for technical assistance in administrative, legal
and economic matters) and only 1.9 million dollars for food security. None
of this has been executed, due to the delays caused by the bureaucratic
mechanisms of this institution. Nevertheless, in all European Union reports,
these amounts appear as "approved for Cuba", although the truth
remains that until now not a penny of this funding has reached our country.
It should be remembered that additionally, in all of their reports on aid
to Cuba, the European Commission and member countries include so-called
indirect costs, such as airfares on their own airlines, accommodation, travel
expenses, salaries and First World-standard luxuries. The portion of the
supposed aid money that actually directly benefits the projects is whittled
away through these expenditures, which do not help the country in any way,
but are nonetheless calculated as part of their "generosity" for
public relations purposes.
It is truly outrageous to attempt to pressure and intimidate Cuba with these
measures.
Cuba, a small country, besieged and blockaded, has not only been able to
survive, but also to help many countries of the Third World, exploited throughout
centuries by the European colonial powers.
In the course of 40 years, over 40,000 youths from more than 100 Third World
countries, including 30,000 from Africa, have graduated in Cuba as university-educated
professionals and qualified technical workers, at no cost to them whatsoever,
and our country has not attempted to steal a single one of them, as the
countries of the European Union do with many of the brightest minds. Throughout
this time, on the other hand, over 52,000 Cuban doctors and health care
workers, who have saved millions of lives, have provided their services
voluntarily and free of charge in 93 countries.
Even though the country has still not completely left behind the special
period, last year, 2002, there were already more than 16,000 youths from
throughout the Third World undertaking higher studies in our country, free
of charge, including over 8,000 being trained as doctors. If we were to
calculate what they would have to pay for this education in the United States
and Europe, the result would be the equivalent of a donation of more than
450 million dollars every year. If you include the 3,700 doctors providing
their services abroad in the most far-flung and inhospitable locales, you
would have to add almost 200 million US dollars more, based on the annual
salary paid to doctors by the WHO. All in all approximately 700 million
dollars.
These things that our country can do, not on the basis of its financial
resources, but rather the extraordinary human capital created by the Revolution,
should serve as an example to the European Union, and make it feel ashamed
of the measly and ineffective aid it offers these countries.
While Cuban soldiers were shedding their blood fighting the forces of apartheid,
the countries of the European Union exchanged billions of dollars worth
of trade every year with the South African racists, and through their investments,
reaped the benefits of the cheap, semi-slave labor of the South African
natives.
This past July 21, less than a week ago, the European Union, in a much-trumpeted
meeting to review its shameful common position on Cuba, ratified the infamous
measures adopted against Cuba on June 5 and declared that political dialogue
should continue 'in order to more efficiently pursue the goals of the common
position'.
The government of Cuba, out of a basic sense of dignity, relinquishes any
aid or remnant of humanitarian aid that may be offered by the European Commission
and the governments of the European Union. Our country would only accept
this kind of aid, no matter how modest, from regional or local autonomous
governments, non-governmental organizations, and solidarity movements, which
do not impose political conditions on Cuba.
The European Union is fooling itself when it states that political dialogue
should continue. The sovereignty and dignity of this people are not open
to discussion with anyone, much less with a group of former colonial powers
historically responsible for the slave trade, the plunder and even extermination
of entire peoples, and the underdevelopment and poverty suffered today by
billions of human beings whom they continue to plunder through unequal trade,
the exploitation and exhaustion of their natural resources, an unpayable
foreign debt, the brain drain, and other means.
The European Union lacks the necessary freedom to take part in a fully independent
dialogue. Its commitments to NATO and the United States, and its conduct
in Geneva, where it acts in league with those who want to destroy Cuba,
render it incapable of engaging in a constructive exchange. Countries from
the former socialist community will soon join the European Union, albeit
the opportunistic leaders who govern them, more loyal to the interests of
the United States than to those of Europe, will serve as Trojan horses of
the superpower within the EU. These are full of hatred towards Cuba, which
they left on its own and cannot forgive for having endured and proven that
socialism is capable of achieving a society a thousand times more just and
humane that the rotten system they have adopted.
When the European Union was created, we applauded it, because it was the
only intelligent and useful thing they could do to counterbalance the hegemony
of their powerful military ally and economic competitor. We also applauded
the euro as something beneficial for the worldwide economy in the face of
the suffocating and almost absolute power of the U.S. dollar.
But now, when the European Union adopts this arrogant and calculated attitude,
in hope of reconciliation with the masters of the world, it insults Cuba,
then, it does not deserve the slightest consideration and respect from our
people.
Any dialogue should take place in public, in international forums, and should
address the grave problems threatening the world.
We shall not attempt to discuss the principles of the European Union or
Disunion. In Cuba they will find a country that neither obeys masters, nor
accepts threats, nor begs for charity, nor lacks the courage to speak out
the truth.
They need someone to tell them a few truths, because there are many who
flatter them out of self-interest, or are simply spellbound by the splendor
of Europe's past glories. Why do they not criticize or help Spain to improve
the disastrous state of its educational system, which brings shame to Europe
with its banana republic levels? Why do they not come to the aid of the
United Kingdom, to prevent drugs from wiping out this proud nation? Why
do they not analyze and help themselves, when they so obviously need it?
The European Union would do well to speak less and do more for the genuine
human rights of the immense majority of the peoples of the world; to act
with intelligence and dignity in the face of those who do not want to leave
it with even the crumbs of the resources of the planet they aspire to conquer;
to defend its cultural identity against the invasion and penetration of
the powerful transnationals of the U.S. entertainment industry; to take
care of its unemployed, who number in the tens of millions; to educate its
functionally illiterate; to give humane treatment to immigrants; to guarantee
true social security and medical care for all of its citizens, as Cuba does;
to moderate its consumerist and wasteful habits; to guarantee that all of
its members contribute 1% of their GDP, as some already do, to support development
in the Third World or at least alleviate, without bureaucracy or demagoguery,
the terrible situation of poverty, poor health and illiteracy; to compensate
Africa and other regions for the damage wreaked throughout centuries by
slavery and colonialism; to grant independence to the colonial enclaves
still maintained in this hemisphere, from the Caribbean to the Falkland
Islands, without denying them the economic aid they deserve for the historical
damage and colonial exploitation they have suffered.
To a list that would be endless, I could add:
To undertake a genuine policy supporting human rights with actual deeds
and not just hollow words; to investigate what really happened with the
Basques murdered by GAL and demand that responsibility be taken; to tell
the world how scientist Dr. David Kelly was brutally murdered, or how he
was led to commit suicide; to respond at some point to the questions I posed
to them in Rio de Janeiro regarding the new strategic conception of NATO
as it relates to the countries of Latin America; to firmly and resolutely
oppose the doctrine of preemptive strikes against any country in the world,
proclaimed by the most formidable military power in all of history, for
you know where the consequences for humanity will lead.
To slander and impose sanctions on Cuba, is not only unfair and cowardly
but ridiculous. Thanks to the great and selfless human capital it has created,
which they lack, Cuba does not need the aid of the European Union to survive,
develop and achieve what they will never achieve.
The European Union should temper its arrogance an prepotency.
For decades, our people have confronted powers much greater than those possessed
by the European Union; new forces are emerging everywhere, with tremendous
vigor. The peoples are tired of guardians, interference and plunder, imposed
through mechanisms that benefit the most developed and wealthy at the cost
of the growing poverty and ruin of others. Some of these peoples are already
advancing with unrestrainable force, and others will join them. Among them
there are giants awakening. The future belongs to these peoples.
In the name of 50 years of resistance and relentless struggle in the face
of a force many times greater than theirs, and of the social and human achievements
attained by Cuba without any help whatsoever from the countries of the European
Union, I invite them to reflect calmly on their errors, and to avoid being
carried away by outbursts of anger or Euronarcissistic inebriation.
Neither Europe nor the United States will have the last word on the future
of Humanity!
I could repeat here something similar to what I said in the spurious court
where I was tried and sentenced for the struggle we initiated five decades
ago today, but this time it will not be me who says it; it will be declared
and foretold by a people that has carried out a profound, transcendental
and historic Revolution, and has succeeded in defending it:
Condemn me. It does not matter. The peoples will have the last word!
Eternal glory to those who have fallen during 50 years of struggle!
Eternal glory to the people that turned its dreams into a reality!
Venceremos!
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